Thursday, December 19, 2019

The Ethics Principle Around The Idea Of Pleasure By John...

The deontological theory claim that certain actions are naturally right or wrong, good or bad, and without regard for its consequences. The theory was derived from philosopher Immanuel Kant in 18th century. The theory states that social workers should always obey the law regardless of the consequences that would follow. It states that the law is the law. Deontologist state that rules, rights, and the laws are commonly guarded and sacred. The theory states that the end does not automatically justify the means, especially if they require breaking an important rule, right, or law. The utilitarian theory states that if given a number of alternatives, you should choose the one that will be of most benefit to the greatest number. The theory revolves around the concept of the end justifies the means. The theory was introduced by philosophers John Mill and Jeremy Bentham. The theorist developed the ethical principle around the idea of pleasure. There main focus was surrounded around hedonism which pursued pleasure and avoided physical pain. It holds that outcomes as a result of an action have a greater value compared to the recent theories. It also states that the most ethical thing to do is take advantage of happiness for good of the society. The two theories don’t have much in common but they both are concerned with trying to determine what human actions are right and what actions are wrong. Beyond this, they have no other similarities. The theory of deontology states that weShow MoreRelatedJeremy Bentham, Kant, And John Stuart Mill903 Words   |  4 Pagesme in my decision are Jeremy Bentham, Kant, and John Stuart Mill. First let us start with Jeremy Bentham his philosophies are centered around the pain and pleasure theory. Bentham would argue as long as the total amount of pain for the organisms is out weighed by the total number of pleasure units gained by our crew than it would be morally acceptable to pursue some lifeforms as food. However on the other hand if the organism in questions pain outweighs our total pleasure than the opposite wouldRead MoreUtilitarianism, By Jeremy Bentham And John Stewart Mill s The Principle Of Utility868 Words   |  4 Pagesthe well-known philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stewart Mill’s understand the principle of utility in their own ways. For Jeremy Bentham moral theory he founded that the consequences of human actions count in evaluating in what kind of consequence to what matter for human happiness is just an achievement of pleasure to avoid pain. Bentham argues that the value of a human being action is easily calculated by how intensely pleasure is felt and how long the pleasure lasts to how certainly and howRead MoreExplanation of the Utilitarian Ethical Theory Essay1417 Words   |  6 Pagesof morally belonging to a group and the lack of individualism that many others carry. It also can be a very cold approach for those who belong to the minority in a society. This is because the principle of utility says that â€Å"we ought to do that which produces the greatest amount of happiness or pleasure for the greatest number of people (MacKinnon, 32).† To examine utilitarianism we first need to look at the word, this is where we find the word â€Å"utility† imbedded into it. Utility, by mathematicalRead MoreWhat Is Liberty?1383 Words   |  6 Pagesand their contrasting views that follow. From Locke to Bentham and Mill these philosophers explain that there are many interpretations of what liberty is, and could be. When looking at history in retrospect the word liberty can almost be pinned to every event in some fashion. But, before you can understand those events and what liberty meant in the context, you must understand both sides of the idea. Like I stated before, there are two ideas of what liberty could be; positive liberty and negativeRead MoreThe Theory Of Morality And Moral Subjectivism1055 Words   |  5 Pagesthey aren’t allowed to wear certain clothes, or have jobs. But in many western countries this is not only considered morally unacceptable, but very inhumane. The Ethical Egosim theory is a new an interesting take on morality. The main principle of this theory is that what is considered right and wrong is determined by self-interest. In other words it is immoral to act contrary to one’s self interest. Ethical egoists do think that at times helping others is morally right, however they thinkRead MoreUtilitarianism : Utilitarianism And Utilitarianism861 Words   |  4 Pageslead to happiness. An individual should then combine these thoughts with actions to produce acceptable and happy outcomes. According to Jeremy Bentham, he believed that utilitarianism would be maximized when people decided to do what is morally right. He combines the theory into what is valuable and the actions, for those things that are valuable, all revolve around happiness. The theory of Right Action then maximizes the utilitarianism theory as he suggests. Question 2 Bernard Williams explains thatRead MoreThe Political Philosophies Of John Mill1879 Words   |  8 Pagesthe liberal ideology like John Mill. Mill was not only one of the most influential political thinkers of all time, but also a philosopher, and used his ideas and understandings of the world, ethics, and morality in his political ideas. Mill believed that every man was a key member of society, and society was made of men, all with individual ideas and voices. But, when it came to morals or religion, those voices should not be used to influence government or freedom. Mill Advocated for complete andRead MorePhilosophy of Ethics Essay2233 Words   |  9 PagesThe word â€Å"ethics† comes from Greek ethikas meaning character. Today, we use ethics to describe the normative standard of behavior. The history of philosophical ethics has been broken up into five rational methods: Virtue, Traditional, Modern, and Post-Modern Ethics. Within these periods, the philosophy of ethics changed along with the changes being made within society. The first rational method is Virtue Ethics. The major philosophers during this period were materialists such as Plato, AristotleRead MoreEthics Vs. Kantian Ethics1249 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history different philosophical ideas and concepts developed in search for answers to universal questions. Beyond answers, philosophers explored schools of thought that would best govern human decision making. Two prominent ethical theories that arose were utilitarianism and deontological ethics. Both ethical theories developed to establish and justify a set of different moral rules and principles. Utilitarianism, otherwise known as consequentialism, is an ethical theory that sees theRead MoreEssay on The Golden Rule in Kant and Mills Ethical Theories1320 Words   |  6 Pages Ethics refers to what people consider good or bad and right or wrong. It is a theory dealing with values that relate to human behaviour; with respect to their actions and purpose. The two most important philosophers that deal with ethics are Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. Kant’s ethical theory is Kantianism or deontological ethics. Mill’s ethical theory is utilitarianism. Both philosophers’ theories have many differences; Kant’s theory deals with conduct, seeking reason for good action in

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Below the Knee Amputation free essay sample

Below the knee amputation (BKA) is surgery to remove all or part of your foot or your leg below the knee cap. A below the  knee  amputation  is a surgical procedure when the bottom part of the leg is removed with an incision below the  knee. This is also known as a trans-tibial  amputation. This procedure is recommended when a patient has a severely diseased or damaged lower leg that cannot be treated. Below-knee amputation is usually performed for extensive high-grade soft-tissue sarcomas of the lower leg, ankle or foot. Primary bone sarcomas rarely occur in these locations. Extensive infiltration of tendons and ligaments and around bones in this area may preclude a functional extremity following wide excision. The almost universally good functional outcome of below-knee amputation makes it an even more realistic option. Indication: BKA is indicated in cases of benign and malignant tumor of the foot, peripheral vascular disease (PVD), severe traumatic injury of the lower limb with compromise neurovascular status especially involving tibia bone and various complication of diabetic foot like soft tissue necrosis, osteomyelitis, uncontrollable infection, or intractable pain. We will write a custom essay sample on Below the Knee Amputation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Procedure: This operation can be performed using 2 major techniques. The most common technique is the posterior myoplastic flap (Burgess Technique) where the skin and muscle from the calf are brought forward to cover the shin bones after they have been divided (see below left). The other main technique is the skew flap (Kingsley Robinson technique) in which the muscles of the calf are brought forward in the same way as in the posterior technique but the skin flaps are skewed in relation to the muscle. There is no proven advantage for one technique, but sometimes it is easier to perform a skew flap amputation if there has been significant skin damage above the ankle. Initially the skin is incised after marking the line of the incision and the incision is then deepened through the subcutaneous fatty tissue to the muscles. Bleeding from superficial veins is controlled and then the muscles are divided initially at the front to expose the two bones of the lower leg the tibia and fibula. While doing this the major blood vessels in the calf are ligated. The bone in the lower leg (tibia) is divided about 12-15 cms below the knee joint, the fibula is divided a little higher so that it is well recessed away from the end of the stump. The muscles and skin at the back are then divided low down after separation from the tibia and fibula so that they can be brought forward over the end of the bones to provide cover. To facilitate this coverage much of the muscle must be resected so that the flap is not too bulky. Other blood vessel at the back must also be controlled. The skin edges are then approximated. This produces a good size stump to which prosthesis can be fitted. Disadvantage: Amputation of a limb or limbs will affect people in different ways. It is a very personal loss and in many patients can feel like bereavement. The emotional loss can be like losing a relative and it will take time to adapt to such a loss. Physically your body will be permanently altered and can affect all areas of your life. How much your amputation affects your life will to some degree depend on the extent of your physical recovery.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

The Flight Essays - American People Of German Descent,

The Flight In his classic short story, Flight, John Steinbeck uses many examples of symbolism to foreshadow the conclusion. Symbolism can be anything, a person, place or thing, used to portray something beyond itself. It is used to represent or foreshadow the ending of the story. Steinbeck uses colors, direction, and nature symbolism to help presage Pep?'s tragic death. Let us now more closely examine the ways that Steinbeck uses colors to foreshadow the ending of his short story. Perhaps the most repeatedly used symbol in Flight, is the color black. In literature many authors use black to represent death. There are numerous examples in this short story. Some of these include the black handle on the long blade, Pep?'s black hair and the black jerky. Another example may be found when Pep? puts on his fathers black coat, which represents death. When Pep? puts on the coat he is literally covering himself with death. Another fine example is the trail in which Pep? travels. Steinbeck describes the path as a well-worn black path. By traveling on this path he is in fact taking the road of death. Furthermore Pep?'s appearance also helps foreshadow the ending. Steinbeck describes him as having a black hat that covers his black thatched hair. Pep? is also described as being dark, lean and tall. Another example is Pep?'s shack. The shack is described as weathered and very old. It casts a rather large shadow to the North east. The darkness of the shadow symbolizes death i n the home. As we can readily see, the authors use of black symbolism in the story tells us that the main character, Pep?, is impending death. Another commonly used symbol in the story Flight, is direction. Direction is used to represent positive or negative effects. North and East are generally good directions. Many people feel this came about when the early man saw the sun rise in the East. On the contrary, the directions South and West are generally bad directions. Basically this is because the sun sets in the West. Besides compass directions, height is also a very popular way of foreshadowing the conclusion of the story. The direction up, which is also the way to heaven is generally good, while down, the direction of hell, is considered to be bad. An example of this form of symbolism can be found when Pep? is returning home. Pep? looks at his weathered little shack and notices the shadow. The shadow is heading in the direction North East. Even though the directions North and East are good, the fact that the shadow is there turns them bad. This means that evil is winning over goodness. So, whichever direction Pep? turns to he will fall into evil. Another fine example is when Pep? watches the sun set in the West. The sun, which is the bringer of all life is moving towards evil. That means it will be dark out and Pep?'s death is soon to come. Steinbeck further uses this symbolism while describing the tops of the trees on the mountain. The tops of the trees were wind-bitten and dead. This symbolizes that the further Pep? travels up the mountain the closer he is to his inevitable death. As shown above, direction is another very important aspect of symbolism. Direction is just another of the many ways John Steinbeck accomplishes his foreshadowing of the ending of his story. Let us now look further into symbolism by discovering yet another form of symbolism. Throughout the story Steinbeck emphasizes nature symbolism. Nature symbolism includes a variety of things. One very popular symbol is water. Because of the fact that we, as humans, require water in order to live, water represents life. An example of this in the story Flight, would be Pep?'s water bag that he hung over his horse's shoulder. The water leaked onto the horse's shoulder. This meant Pep?'s life was actually leaking away. It just so happened that when the horse was shot it was in the same shoulder. The most obvious example of nature symbolism would be when Pep? is traveling up the mountain. When he first starts out he is traveling very close to the river. As he continues with his

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Affirmative Action Essays (1644 words) - Social Inequality

Affirmative Action AFFIRMATIVE ACTION INTRODUCTION Affirmative action is the name of an American social practice through which members of historically disadvantaged racial and/or ethnic groups are given preferential treatment in an effort to compensate for past harm caused to their ancestors. For thirty years, affirmative action was carefully shielded from open, honest evaluation while it simultaneously grew more pervasive along with the federal bureaucracy and welfare state. The recent political upheaval caused by the Republican takeover of Congress in 1994 has opened the door for opponents of affirmative action programs to successfully pursue their gradual elimination. If affirmative action is to continue as an American institution, its supporters must be willing to listen to frank criticisms of affirmative action's shortcomings. Nevertheless, affirmative action programs remain an endangered species. II. HISTORICAL CONCEPT Affirmative action programs were initiated by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965 to correct past discrimination. Its purpose was to actively seek out black candidates for jobs, college, or promotions, without treating them differently in the decision to hire, admit, or promote. In the 1970s, however, affirmative action took on a new meaning as good-faith efforts to recruit blacks would not withstand a Title VII challenge of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Employers and admission committees had to actually hire or admit black applicants to withstand challenges of racial discrimination (Rodrigue, 1995). The strategy most frequently employed was to select the best available black candidate even if the best was not good enough for the position. The rationale most frequently given for affirmative-action programs is ?the principal of compensatory justice? This principle states that whenever an injustice has been committed, just compensation or reparation must be made to the injured party. It is this principle that is the rationale behind the tort law's compensating victims for infers for individual harms. This principle also explains why German paid Jews for the harms caused in World War II and why American Indians should be compensated for the past unjust deprivation of their trivial land. Indeed, affirmative action means taking measures that go beyond merely ceasing or avoiding discrimination; it means taking measures that attempt to undo or compensate for the effects of past discrimination. The principle is encountered in several major categories of discrimination areas-most notably employment and education, but also such areas as housing and government contracting. In this way we can say that affirmative action programs help support the principle of equality of citizens that is a defining feature of democracy. III. THE ROLE OF HR IN AFFIRMATIVE ACTION PROGRAMS Equal Employment Opportunity means that an HR manager will; ? provide equal access to all available jobs, training, and promotional opportunities ? provide similar benefits and services to everyone ? apply all policies and practices consistently to applicants and staff ? do not differentiate among applicants or employees on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, physical or mental disability, or sexual orientation In other words, EEO forbids employment discrimination. It requires the elimination of any bias in personnel activities. However, if we take a look at the nature of affirmative action policies, they do not promote democracy. Indeed, in n employment, for example, two basic categories of affirmative action can be identified: (1) coercive and (2) voluntary. Coercive plans, in turn, fall into two groups: plans imposed as a condition of government contracts or grants; and court-imposed remedies under Title VII of the Civil Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C.A 2000e et sequ.). Voluntary plans are those adopted by an employer, university, or the like, when under no direct legal compulsion to do so. The earliest affirmative action plans were concerned with race, but plans now frequently extend to sex, national origin, and religion (Rodrigue, 1995). Over the past thirty years, affirmative action programs initiated by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 have grown into ?. . . a web of racial and gender preferences touch[ing] all federal departments, according to a recent congressional report.? When Senator Robert Dole asked for a list of race-related federal policies, ?He got back a 32-page report listing roughly 160 laws, regulations or executive orders.? (Rodrigue, 1995). This issue has been viewed as not being a true champion of democracy, as Democrats use it against Republicans. It does take race

Saturday, November 23, 2019

The Nine Nations of North America

The Nine Nations of North America The 1981 book The Nine Nations of North America by Washington Post reporter Joel Garreau was an attempt to explore the regional geography of the North American continent and assign portions of the continent to one of nine nations, which are geographic regions that have consistent qualities and similar features. The nine nations of North America, as proposed by Garreau include: The FoundryMexAmericaThe BreadbasketEcotopiaNew EnglandThe Empty QuarterDixieQuebecThe Islands What follows is a summary of each of the nine nations and their qualities. Links in the titles of each region lead to the complete online chapter regarding that region from the book The Nine Nations of North America from Garreaus website. The Foundry Includes New York, Pennsylvania, and the Great Lakes Region. At the time of publication (1981), The Foundry region was in significant decline as a manufacturing center. The region includes the metropolitan areas of New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Toronto, and Detroit. Garreau selected Detroit as the capital city of this region but considered Manhattan an anomaly within the region. MexAmerica With a capital city of Los Angeles, Garreau proposed that the Southwestern United States (including Californias Central Valley) and Northern Mexico would be a region onto itself. Stretching from Texas to the Pacific Coast, MexAmericas common Mexican heritage and the Spanish language unite this region. The Breadbasket Much of the Midwest, stretching from northern Texas to the southern parts of the Prairie Provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba), this region is essentially the Great Plains and is, according to Garreau, the heartland of North America. Garreaus proposed capital city is Kansas City. Ecotopia Named after a book of the same name, Ecotopia with a capital city of San Francisco is the liberal Pacific Coast from southern Alaska to Santa Barbara, including the Washington, Oregon, and Northern California metropolitan areas of Vancouver, Seattle, Portland, and San Francisco. New England Consisting of what is traditionally known as New England (Connecticut to Maine), this region of the nine nations includes the Canadian Maritime provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, along with the Atlantic province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The capital of New England is Boston. The Empty Quarter The Empty Quarter includes everything from about 105 degrees west longitude to Ecotopia on the Pacific Coast. It also includes everything north of the Breadbasket so it includes all of Alberta and Northern Canada. The capital city of this sparsely populated nation is Denver. Dixie The Southeastern United States except for Southern Florida. Some refer to Dixie as being the former Confederate States of America but it doesnt travel directly along state lines. It includes southern Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana. The capital city of Dixie is Atlanta. Quebec Garreaus only nation that consists of a single province or state is Francophone Quebec. Their constant efforts at succession led him to create this unique nation out of the province. Obviously, the capital of the nation is Quebec City. The Islands Southern Florida and the islands of the Caribbean comprise the nation known as The Islands. With a capital city of Miami. At the time of the books publication, this regions main industry was drug smuggling. The best available online map of the Nine Nations of North America comes from the cover of the book itself.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Proposal for the Research of the Legal Aspect of LifeScienceCorp Essay

Proposal for the Research of the Legal Aspect of LifeScienceCorp - Essay Example There are different reasons for the need to pursue the research. One is the fact that the line of business is highly delicate thus it is important to have complete knowledge of the legal rules, regulations, and laws to follow in every activity undertaken in the business operation. Another is the continuous improvement and evolution of the technologies that can be applied in the operation, thus, it is important to know the pertinent rules to follow. LifeScienceCorp is a company dedicated to answering the needs of the clients in terms of services such as gene splicing, cloning, and stem cell research technologies. In addition, the company also provides consultation and research and development services to different companies in the United States and countries all over the world. It employs 200 people and serves clients that are involved in different type of projects related to life sciences such as the production of treatments and therapies through the use of stem cells. Another type of clientele is involved in food production such as livestock, food crops, and fisheries. Companies involved in cloning research and products are also included in the clientele of the company. Based on the said description, it can then be considered that the services of the company are involved in technologically advanced and sensitive activities. For that matter, the legal aspect is essential to be able to establish clear guidelines in the company’s operation. It is composed of the rules set by local, national and international authorities in the specific field of industry where the company belongs. The research is aimed to establish legal guidelines that can govern the operation of the company. It is important to gather data on the legal requirements, rules, and regulations of the different fields pertinent to the research.Â