Decline of Michael Jackson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Decay of Michael Jackson - Essay Example he nature of media misuse and popular supposition, the notoriety of a gifted artist was crushed, adding to his evil wellbeing and prompting his passing. In the accompanying thesis, the subject of the realities of the debates in contrast with the open observation will be examined so as to discover setting for the occasions that happened and the certainties that they speak to. Michael Jackson, named by the music business as ‘the lord of pop’ was a gifted, however tormented man who had begun his radiant vocation in his prepubescent years out of Gary, Indiana in the United States. His profession spread over his lifetime and his fastidious tender loving care and his imaginative styles upheld an ability that was wide and ground-breaking. In any case, the open picture that was made for him and the resulting occasions of his life prompted open mortification and doubts of both franticness and freak conduct. The idea of big name tattle, in any case, makes stories out of unsupportable ideas and a real existence that isn't driven customarily is available to allegations that are unsupportable and, accordingly, suspect. This paper will try to look at the manners by which the bits of gossip and doubts measure against realities and certainties that were not as electrifying, however could have explained and refined the open picture that prompted Jackson†™s descending winding. The idea of the life of Michael Jackson was a long history of having his life confined by an open ‘brand’ which neutralized him both by and by and expertly at long last. During the 1980s he had a mark look which included one white glove and white socks. It was said of him that he dozed in a hyperbaric chamber and the picture that was made around him converted into a sentiment of enchantment and puzzle. He was a mystery, unusual and magical with abilities that coordinated the message of his situation as somebody past the normal human. What didn't assist his with imaging was the advancing condition of his face as he had numerous plastic medical procedures and

Fundamentals of Travel and Tourism-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Examine about the Tourism. Answer: History of the travel industry The historical backdrop of the travel industry is very nearly 2000 years of age. The well off Roman individuals began this entire thought of the travel industry, when they began to spend their summers in the open country or close to the coast, far away from the city of Rome. To take into account their requirements of convenience and food, a travel industry began to create. Notwithstanding, with the fall of the Roman Empire and choppiness in the nation, this business went dead (Ghimire 2013). The pattern of the travel industry again began in the medieval time because of the new enthusiasm on journey. Early English writings, for example, Canterbury Tales by Chaucer, delineate the way of life of individuals of making a trip to a sacred place of worship and unwinding and appreciating simultaneously (Ringer 2013). Subsequently, they required spots to eat, rest and unwind while voyaging. Along these lines the travel industry began to create. Individuals from everywhere throughout the world , affected by religion, began to go for journey and along these lines, the idea of the travel industry began to create. After an additional hundred years, individuals began to go for wellbeing, training and culture. In the eighteenth century, travel for every one of these elements expanded. Individuals, who could bear, used to make a trip to celebrated spots for advanced education, for improving wellbeing conditions and for social turn of events (Ashworth and Larkham 2013). The present advancement in movement and the travel industry is the expansion in global travel. As the economies are getting more grounded, abberations among the economies are diminishing, individuals have more cash and the movement goals are getting less expensive, the furor for global voyaging has expanded on various occasions in the previous decade (Horner and Swarbrooke 2016). Instructive travel has additionally expanded as of late. Sorts of the travel industry and their qualities The travel industry is classified in various classifications. A few people travel for relaxation and occasion, some movement for business, some movement for instruction, some for journey and some for clinical reason. Notwithstanding, the entire idea of the travel industry can be comprehensively isolated into two classifications; mass and exceptional intrigue the travel industry (Hall and Page 2014). Mass the travel industry alludes to the travel industry exercises sorted out for the mass. It is generally sorted out by movement organizations for enormous gatherings of individuals to some specific travel goals. Once in a while people additionally compose bunch visits for themselves to a specific area. This additionally falls under the class of mass the travel industry. For instance, guided bundled visits led by the movement organizations to some abroad urban areas for not many days, journey visits, transport visits, amusement parks, traveler business locale visits, resort towns, compre hensive retreats and so on. (Page 2014). Uncommon intrigue the travel industry alludes to the movement enthusiasm of individuals for a particular reason to explicit areas. At the end of the day, this sort of the travel industry includes people or gatherings of individuals who need to go for a particular reason and to places identified with the reason. It is otherwise called specialty the travel industry. It is inverse to the mass the travel industry concerning the targets. In this sort of the travel industry, the specific interests, needs and inspiration of individuals are dealt with. The relaxation occasions and recreational encounters can likewise occur for extraordinary enthusiasm (Frechtling 2012). There are numerous individuals who might want to go for a particular reason, for example, to investigate the verifiable spots or characteristic miracles, to investigate various cooking styles, to take part in a social occasion like Mardi Gras, or just to unwind. This can be named unique intrigue the travel industry. It additi onally incorporates action visits, for example, climbing, cycling, cruising, and so forth., instructive visits, experience visits like mountaineering, visits for seeking after leisure activities, similar to wine sampling, revelation of new places, social visits, for example, outdoors, clubbing, clinical the travel industry and journey visits. Throughout the years, the qualities of the travel industry have advanced. Individuals are presently more inspired by uncommon intrigue the travel industry than for mass the travel industry. Thus, the specialty the travel industry has become a focal point of the movement organizations in the previous decade (Peng, Song and Crouch 2014). Inspirations for the travel industry Sightseers visit a spot for some reasons. These reasons create because of assortment of elements present in a vacationer goal. This can be clarified by the hypotheses of the travel industry request. The term the travel industry request is a wide one. It covers the components that impact the interest, the spatial highlights, various sorts and the thought processes behind the interest. This interest is created by people, called sightseers and the specific spot for which this occurs, is known as the travel industry goal. Time and seasons frequently impact the travel industry request. The interest for the travel industry benefits either changes or advances, and this is animated by the appearance of new visitors. At the point when these sightseers visit a spot, they anticipate excellent help and incentive for cash. Henceforth, the highlights and level of interest develop with each arrangement of voyagers (Kim and Eves 2012). As per Wu and Pearce (2014), there are three significant sorts of the travel industry request, called genuine interest, stifled interest and the dormant interest. Real interest, otherwise called viable interest for the travel industry, is created from the sightseers quite included the procedure of movement and the travel industry. As it were, the sightseers, who are really going in a specific time, produce the real interest for the travel industry. The subsequent classification incorporates individuals who need to venture out however unfit to do that because of unavoidable conditions out of hand. The idle interest is identified with the transient and spatial interest at a specific site, for example, interest for convenience or travel administration and so on at a specific vacationer goal. Be that as it may, the general law of interest is appropriate in this segment additionally, as when the cost of a goal builds, the interest for the goal falls (Wong, Cheung and Wan 2013). Albeit, as ide from value, there are numerous components that impact the travel industry request, for example, chronicled significance, normal magnificence, administrations, city scene and so forth. The explanations behind the travel industry request can be clarified through push and pull factors and effect of those on the brain research of individuals. This can be clarified by the ideas that individuals go for voyaging on the grounds that they are pushed by the interior powers or the necessities and needs, and they pick a goal since they are pulled by the highlights or properties of the spot (Chan and Quah 2012). As per Pesonen (2012), the push factors are those, which drive an individual to go for voyaging and pull factors are those, which draw in a potential traveler towards a goal. Push factors are the socio-mental components, for example, the craving for taking a break from day by day life, want for journey, the propensity for investigation or experience, instructive reason and improvement of social and social connections. The draw factors are produced by a goal through its highlights. At the point when a potential visitor picks a goal, he is pulled in by the social, social and ecological highlights, for example, normal excellence, vacation spots, city life, extraordinary occasions, scope for advanced education, and so on. These components should be created by the goal to pull the vacationers (Kim and Eves 2012). The travel industry request can be distinguished from multiple points of view, formed by monetary, geographic, mental and political viewpoints of individuals. These are arranged as the elements for inspiration for voyaging. Individuals are spurred to go because of numerous reasons and dependent on those, they are sectioned by the movement organizations into various classes. This division of sightseers is called traveler typologies. It encourages the movement organizations to comprehend their necessities appropriately. There are numerous typologies made by specialists, for example, Cohens Tourist Typology, Smiths Tourist Typology, Amexs Tourist Typology, and Plogs Tourist Typology. These creators have sectioned the sightseers into numerous classifications dependent on their inspirations and interest for goals. For instance, Cohen made four classifications, to be specific, sorted out mass visitor, singular mass vacationer, voyager and vagabond. Smith arranged them into 7 classes, speci fically, voyager, world class travelers, unconventional sightseers, surprising visitors, Incipient mass vacationers, mass voyagers and contract sightseers (Kim and Ritchie 2012). The variables affecting the inspirations of vacationers are partitioned into interior and outside components. The vast majority of the push factors are natural helpers and the draw factors are extraneous inspirations. The inward factors incorporate disposition of the visitors, observation, convictions or qualities and character of the vacationers. The outside variables incorporate the monetary condition, family foundation, culture and social class, age, spot of source, and market for goals, administrations of the travel industry (Hosany and Prayag 2013). Both of the inward and outer elements impact the inspiration of the vacationers to travel altogether. An individual, ordinarily, is persuaded to travel, however it can so happen that he isn't financially steady to go for a relaxation occasion. Consequently, his inspiration for voyaging is adversely influenced by his monetary condition. Advancement of another goal: Six As of a vacationer goal Visitor goals are the spots, yet a mix of different the travel industry items, administrations, impalpable things offered for advancement and experience. In spite of the fact that the general thought of a visitor goal speaks to the idea of a land area just, the encounters of the vacationers and administrations gives in that area are likewise remembered for the scope of traveler goal. There are six segments that characterize the highlights of a visitor goal. These six segments are structured from the perspective of industry gracefully or from the point of view of purchasers. Henceforth, a vacationer goal is regularly an amalgam of the six As, to be specific, Available bundles, Accessibility, Attractions, Amenities, Activities and Ancillary administrations. Those six As are clarified beneath in

Financial Statement Essay Examples

Financial Statement Essay ExamplesThe way a student develops his or her essay topics is very important and financial statement essay samples can help you do just that. Taking time to find financial statement examples is a wise decision because the form is like your guide in writing your essay. It will help you get the basics right and then it can help you put them into a better context.You need to go over your own financial statement and make sure you understand it. Then you will be able to analyze it more thoroughly and better understand the rest of your essay. Here are some examples of financial statement forms, you might want to consider.Example statements of a loan are used in writing the loan modification and statement essays. This will give you an idea of what to include in your essay and help you in structuring it in a more professional manner. Be sure to fill in the space that you left blank with any additional information that may be necessary.Refinancing and consolidation l oans are also used in writing loans. They are similar to the others, but this time there are a summary and explanation. In the summary you will be able to state your reasons for taking out the loan and the reasons for being able to repay it.Many students find themselves wanting to write a letter of recommendation for a friend or relative who has been offered a scholarship, though they do not have to have any money to write a letter of recommendation. Student letter of recommendation examples are perfect for this. This is one example of why it is important to make sure that your essay topics are based on facts.Nowadays debt management is also fairly common ways to manage your finances. This is the most obvious way to use a financial statement form because you will be preparing a budget of your monthly spending and paying your debts. You should write your budget statement essay samples at least a month before the start of the semester to allow enough time for your budget to be set.It is also great to check out the rules for student loans. There are guidelines that every student must follow to be eligible for a student loan. You can look at examples of your favorite type of loans for reference. This way you can compare what it says in your financial statement with the guidelines and see how you can qualify for the loan.These are some examples of how to use financial statement samples to write your own essay. These are not the only ones that can be found online, but they will give you a good start. You should be able to find different examples in many different ways and make the most of what you can find.

The Attack On Pearl Harbor - 1132 Words

The attack on Pearl Harbor changed the lives of Americans all over the country. To help make supplies for war, women had to get jobs as welders and electricians in defense plants. People used their radios to get reports on the fighting overseas(The U.S.). Most Americans first heard about the attack on Pearl Harbor through the radio. A radio station in Pittsburgh provided an eyewitness account. We have witnessed this morning the attack of Pearl Harbor and a severe bombing of Pearl Harbor by army planes, undoubtedly Japanese (Reinhardt). Footage of the Pearl Harbor attack was not released by the government for a year after the attack. In 1943 officials reversed course based on fears of waning civilian morale and allowed the release of films that showed the real terrors of war. Their hope was to shock Americans into strengthening their commitment to the war effort(Tuttle). World War II changed the lives of Japanese Americans all across the country. Around two years after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, FDR signed into law Executive Order 9066, which resulted in the imprisonment of Japanese people who lived in the U.S. The order was inspired by wartime panic(The U.S.). Once people started receiving the notion that America would be involved in the war, panic spread across the country. They realized that they all could be in danger. If Japan was able to attack Pearl Harbor, then the citizens on the mainland could be attacked, too(The U.S.).Within a week of PearlShow MoreRelatedThe Attack On Pearl Harbor1582 Words   |  7 PagesThe attack on Pearl Harbor is known today as a horrible event brought on by revenge and Japan’s need for control. This event is one of the single most important events in American history proving that the Japanese armed services may have been strategically stronger and more powerful at one time. The United States was not involved in WWII; that began with Germany invading Poland. The attack on Pearl Harbor, however, led to the United States’ involvement in World War II. It also brought with itRead MoreThe Attack on Pearl Harbor754 Words   |  3 PagesAttack on Pearl Harbor Introduction. I chose this battle because I had been hearing about the attack on Pearl Harbor, but I did not know much about it. This paper talks about the countries that fought in this battle, where the battle was fought, what the geography was like during the battle, what the weather was like, what happened during this battle, how many casualties occurred, other things I learned about the battle, who won the battle, and how the battle was important to WWII. What countriesRead MoreThe Attack At Pearl Harbor1596 Words   |  7 Pages THE ATTACK AT PEARL HARBOR Colleen Hendy American History 1302 Professor Benjamin Carr July 25, 2016 The Attack at Pearl Harbor Seventy-five years ago, in the early morning of December 7, 1941, â€Å"the Japanese launched hundreds of attack planes off warships, 230 miles off the coast of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.† 2 The United States had no indication that an attack was about to occur. These planes were â€Å"heading straight to Oahu, the home of Pearl Harbor and the Unites States PacificRead MoreThe Attack On Pearl Harbor1741 Words   |  7 Pagescountries involved. Even though those were the major countries involved at the beginning, one major turning point in war was when the United States was brought into war, which probably changed how the war ended by American intervention. The attack on Pearl Harbor is what mainly triggered the action into being involved at war from the U.S. (Unfinished Nation, p612), and from that point on, the Japanese were treated very different, with discrimination and exclusion for many years (Identification RecordsRead MoreThe Attack Of Pearl Harbor1351 Words   |  6 PagesJapanese forces attacked Pearl Harbor. They demolished the entire United States Pacific Fleet. At the time, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the thirty-second president of the United States. He was in his third term when the devastating attack began. The attacked took place at the U.S. Naval Base in Oahu, Hawaii. The air attack started at 7:48 in the morning, Hawaiian time. There were about 3,500 casualties from the bombing, and more than 2,300 of them were deaths. The attack beached or sank 12 AmericanRead MoreThe Attack Of Pearl Harbor832 Words   |  4 Pages On December 7, 1941 the world was embroiled into the attack of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor with their ally, Nazi Germany. It started with Japan being a bit suspicious and not so thrilled with the Treaty of Versailles as it was seen as a way to keep everything in ship shape even if there were some disagreements in the world. The attack of Pearl Harbor could have been prevented if America had not forced them to trade, had not moved the Pacific Fleet in California, and by notRead MoreThe Attack On Pearl Harbor1442 Words   |  6 Pages West of Honolulu in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7th, 1941 Japanese pilots and leaders could be seen with eyes glowing with pride. For they had accomplished a great thing that day in the lagoon harbor. At that point they felt they has honored their Country with flying colors. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands was a United States naval base and was also the headquarters of America’s Pacific fleet. On December 7th, 1941, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii became America s Read MoreThe Attack On Pearl Harbor917 Words   |  4 Pageslive in infamy (Staff, 2009). This famous words were delivered by former United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt. A day that change America forever. This paper will provide a description of the events that build up to the attack on Pearl Harbor, the effects of the attack and will al so provide insight on how the United States responded. Events For four years, conflict between China and Japan continued to escalate influencing U.S. relations with both nations, and eventually contributed to theRead MoreThe Attack On Pearl Harbor1042 Words   |  5 PagesJonah Keller Grace Komorous WWII Report 15 March 2017 Pearl Harbor Introduction â€Å"Pearl Harbor is an inlet, or bay on the southern coast of Oahu, an island in Hawaii.† The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise attack on the U.S naval base, located in Hawaii. On December 7, 1941 Japanese warplanes carried out an attack on the U.S naval base Pearl Harbor. Japan’s plan was to just completely destroy the pacific fleet. That way the Americans would not be able to fight back as Japan’s armed forces spreadRead MoreThe Attack On Pearl Harbor1478 Words   |  6 PagesOn December 7, 1941 Japan stealthily attacked the U.S. Naval base located at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii resulting in many casualties. This IMC plan will outline the objectives, strategies and tactics in order to promote awareness of the attacks as well as develop positive community involvement. The challenge is to inform the residents of Hawaii as well as the general American public concerning the attacks on Pearl Harbor. The objectives discussed in this plan will be achieved through the creation of a

Social And Economical Concepts Of Sole Parent Families Essay

Australian society face solidarity and Division: Sole Parent Families are living on the edge of poverty, with predictions of a 65% increase of sole parent families by 2036, Why are so many Australian sole parent families living so close to or below the calculated poverty line? This essay will firstly provide current and reliable statistics with a brief overview of the identified key social and economical concepts of sole parent families based on ‘Poverty and Exclusion in Modern Australia and (Sociology Regionalism), Secondly I will engage with other perspectives and the stereotypical views this family group are faced with in today’s modern society, Therefore to present the measures of risk and hardship sole parents and their children face, lastly this essay will explore the sociological theory and research findings from academic sources that will also support my perspectives, that is that Sole parent families are living on the edge of poverty and it is these families that are most at risk of being affected by inequality and disadvantage. Sole parents are being judged and society is creating division, as a nation I argue that we are facing many social issues as a result based on economical growth and minimal recognition. Research suggests that Australian families particularly sole parents are experiencing family breakdown concerns, financial hardship and many challenges in the attempt to care for their children and support their families. With economic growth, will theShow MoreRelatedThe And Structure Of Family1095 Words   |  5 Pagesstructure of family has significantly developed throughout the years, with liberal perspectives suggesting alternative family arrangements. In 1973, Michael Young and Peter Willmott conducted studies of family life within the London area and concluded that the development and changes within the structure of family life can be sorted into three categories of time. (Van Krieken et al. 2017, p. 107). The pre-industrial family (up until the early 19th century), the early industrial family (IndustrialRead MoreChildren s Lack Of Protection Essay2391 Words   |  10 Pages children with low, child trafficking , children without parental care , children of schedule cast and schedule tribal fami lies . Children poverty has lack of access to basic need and requirements are food, shelter and clothing are the cause of poor child health, poor child nutrition, child labor, child marriage and many other reasons also as that social, cultural, economical and gender discrimination also play big role in the society. The lack of protection system either due to not implementationRead MoreInstitutionalized Ideas Of A Successful Lifestyle Essay1846 Words   |  8 Pagesin creating a public image of a family structure. Essentially, families are key representatives of society. The posterchild family structure of society depicts values held by a generation, and promoted throughout the means of mass marketing during that time. Every citizen is considered to be held accountable to the societal standards of correct human behavior and ideology. These standards have an impact on freedom, marriage, work, education and children. My family structure is grass rooted in PunjabRead MoreMentoring Prog ram to Reduce Juvenile Recidivism4170 Words   |  17 PagesIntroduction Youth are often confronted with socio-economical and political challenges including poverty, ethic and minority status and are often cited as at risk for committing long-term community problems like rise in crime due to substance abuse, school drop-out and several forms of academic failures, delinquencies, criminal offenses and unemployment (e.g. Grisso, Vincent Seagrave, 2005; Champion Mays, 1991; Fellmeth, 2002). According to Grisso and his colleagues (2005), the argument thatRead MoreDeterminants Of Health That Affect A Specific Client By Taking Into Account Gordon s Functional Health Patterns Essay1949 Words   |  8 Pages According to the World Health Organization (WHO), â€Å"health† is defined as â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity† (WHO, 1948). The health and wellbeing of individuals is commonly determined by their circumstances and environment, a phenomenon known as social deter minants of health. WHO describes the social determinants of health as, â€Å"The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age, including the health systemRead MoreIdentify and Evaluate Marketing Opportunities2524 Words   |  11 Pagesworth 2 million USD, which has since been resold three times. Ultimate owner is PepsiCo, which incorporate them into the company Tricon Global Restaurants division, now known as Yum! Brands, Inc. In 1997, Tricon form PepsiCo separately. In Indonesia, sole franchisee of KFC is PT. Fast-food Indonesia, Tbk ( IDX : FAST ), which was founded by Gelael Business Group in 1978, and registered as a public company since 1994 . Indonesia’s first KFC restaurant opened in October 1979 in Jalan Melawai, JakartaRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence : An Appropriate Theory, Assessment, And Intervention Essay2414 Words   |  10 PagesOver the past two decades, Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) has received increased attention due to the undeniable ripple effects it has on families. Particularly, children who witness dynamics often seen in abusive relationships may be harmful and can have destructive effects on the development of a child(s). Protecting these silent victims from the long-term effects is important as it may lead to abusive relationships in the future. In this paper, I plan to address the direct and indirect abuseRead MoreIs Class a Zombie Category? Essay example5045 Words   |  21 Pageswhich Beck claims, have t urned into a zombie category, is class. To get a better grasp of what is meant by this and where Beck’s ideas come from we shall first seek to define the individualisation concept, on which the ‘zombie category’ concept is dependent, and its opposite - the ‘social class’ concept. Secondly, we shall give a general definition of ‘zombie categories’ and its implications. Thirdly, we will look at negative and positive aspects of individualisation theories. 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Instead it focuses on emphasising the social, political and material inequality within a society as a whole. Secondly, the structural functionalist theory

Descartes Theory Of Reasoning - 1184 Words

After first explaining Antoine Arnauld’s objection to Descartes’ circular reasoning, I will be presenting a response given by Descartes. Then I will attempt to consider, on behalf of Arnauld, if the response is of adequacy, then I shall decide which view offers the best account. I suspect, however, that no matter what kind of response Descartes is to give, nothing will be able to save him from the torment of the so called ‘Cartesian circle’. In objection to Descartes’ reasoning behind his attempt to establish that what is true, is clear and distinct perception, Antoine Arnauld argues his reasoning is circular (Arnauld AT VII 124–125). Before explaining why circularity is evident, I will first consider what Descartes’ ‘truth rule’ really consists of. After establishing ‘cogito ergo sum’, Descartes uses the same logical terminology in which the cogito was established, to attempt to find other truths in the external world (Descartes AT VII 35). However, as there is no causality between cogito and external truths, some further proof is required for Descartes. This is at the point Descartes introduces the argument for Gods existence and hence, we get the truth rule established. He argues that, God exists and is not a deceiver, in which case any clear and distinct ideas must be true (Descartes AT VII 52). This is where the problem of circularity arises, as Descartes assumes the id ea of God to be true because it is innate, clear and distinct, and then sets out to assume otherShow MoreRelatedDescartes Meditation Iii1297 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophy Descartes tries to prove the existence of God in the third meditation. He does this by coming up with several premises that eventually add up to a solid argument. First, I will explain why Descartes ask the question, does god exist? And why does Descartes think he needs such and argument at this point in the text. Secondly, I will explain, in detail, the arguments that Descartes makes and how he comes to the conclusion that God does exist. Next, I will debate some of Descartes premisesRead MoreEssay on Mediations of First Philosophy by Descartes1296 Words   |  6 PagesMediations of First Philosophy by Descartes In the â€Å"Mediations of First Philosophy† Descartes tries to prove the existence of God in the third meditation. He does this by coming up with several premises that eventually add up to a solid argument. First, I will explain why Descartes ask the question, does god exist? And why does Descartes think he needs such and argument at this point in the text. Secondly, I will explain, in detail, the arguments that Descartes makes and how he comes to the conclusionRead MoreThe Scientific Theory Of Science1489 Words   |  6 Pagesrationality and reasoning. Scientific methods that are used to establish rationality is due to the simple, general and rigorous explanations of the phenomena, (Diamond, 1998). This essay will explore the reasons to the extent of the role of science in reason, displaying perspectives from respected philosophers, politicians and scientists throughout time. Politician rather than scientist, Francis Bacon (1561-1627) was the man who made a revolutionary mark in the scientific world and reasoning, regardlessRead MoreCompare and contrast the significance for psychology of Descartes and Kant1568 Words   |  7 Pagessignificance for psychology of Descartes and Kant Descartes and Kant, both of them are famous philosophers and they are well known for their contributions to philosophy. At the same time, they have great influence on the development of psychology. I am going to compare their significance of psychology. By observing some mechanical things, Descartes had an idea that human and animal work like automata. (Klein, 1970) This idea became a basic concept of Descartes’ theories of the brain and visual perceptionRead More Renà © Descartes Argument on the Existence of God Essay1528 Words   |  7 PagesRenà © Descartes Argument on the Existence of God The problem with Renà © Descartes argument about the existence of God has to do with his rationalist deductive reasoning. Descartes deduces that truth about the existence of God lies within his idea of a perfect God and Gods essence (as a perfect being who must exist in order to be perfect). A rationalist philosopher, Descartes discounts human knowledge as a product of our sensory data (our senses) but supports the epistemological stance thatRead MoreDescartes Second Argument For The Existence Of God1642 Words   |  7 PagesPaper: Descartes’ Second Argument for the Existence of God As with almost all of Descartes inquiries the roots of his second argument for the existence of God begin with his desire to build a foundation of knowledge that he can clearly and distinctly perceive. At the beginning of the third meditation Descartes once again recollects the things that he knows with certainty. The problem arises when he attempts to clearly and distinctly understand truths of arithmetic and geometry. Descartes has enoughRead MoreThe Existence of God1317 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of sciences, we still do not have a definitive answer to the question does God exist? Among many philosophers and scholars who have tried to answer this question, we shall look upon Rene Descartes theory on the existence of God. In terms of believers and non-believers, Descartes would be one of the believers. Before we go any further, we must ponder upon several questions. What is God? Does God exist? If such God does exist, then where does this being come from? Why do believersRead More The Existence Of God Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of sciences, we still do not have a definitive answer to the question does God exist? Among many philosophers and scholars who have tried to answer this question, we shall look upon Rene Descartes theory on the existence of God. In terms of believers and non-believers, Descartes would be one of the believers. Before we go any further, we must ponder upon several questions. What is God? Does God exist? If such God does exist, then where does this being come from? Why do believersRead MoreEssay about Rationalism and Empiricism1486 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophers of epistemology are Rene Descartes and David Hume, the former being a rationalist, and the latter an empiricist. In this paper I will attempt to give an understanding of both rationalism and empiricism, show the ideas and contributions each of the men made to their respective schools, and hopefully give my personal reasoning why one is more true than the other. Rationalism was developed by several important philosophers all around the 17th century. Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibnitz are allRead MoreDescartes Reason Of Knowledge1675 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes Reasons of Knowledge It was once said by Renà © Descartes that, â€Å"if you would be a real seeker after truth, it is necessary that at least once in your life you doubt, as far as possible, all things.† In other words, when one wants to pursue the knowledge of this world, one must be able to question possibilities before coming to a conclusion. Throughout the Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes discusses his thoughts in a coherent manner. He strongly states that ‘true knowledge’ is gained

Health Promotion An Effective Tool for Global Health free essay sample

Public health enables one to work in different fields that center on community’s health in general, and it tackles populational health issues rather than individual ones (it revolves around enhancing the overall health of the community, not just individuals). Such fields are spread all over the world, and one can work for different governmental and non-governmental organizations that raise public health awareness campaigns, conferences, and research for the purpose of enhancing communities’ health and well-being. In addition, being a public health worker would, directly and indirectly, influence the health and well-being of societies and the public in general. Direct influence on people’s health would be through direct communication and contact with the public by holding health awareness campaigns, conferences, and site visits to schools, and camps for example. Indirect influence on people’s health would lie in doing research on ways to improve the health of the societies, and working on health policies to be implanted in healthcare institutions or for the public to follow etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Promotion: An Effective Tool for Global Health or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †¦ All these reasons play as important factors in choosing public health as a graduate study program.Public health management and policy is an important concentration in public health as the rest are. However, the mentioned concentration is more of an interest to me than the others because it focuses on managing the different aspects of health systems, and applying policies which are both considered the core for enhancing the health of the public communities as a critical and detrimental step. Managing health systems of the varying types of healthcare organizations centers on managing the different aspects of health systems including human resources, financial resources, health care processes, and outcomes etc.†¦, and such deep and thorough management of the health systems would likely result in enhancement of health care outcomes and facilitates the health of the public. In addition, by applying the necessary policies needed for facilitating the health of people; healthcare processes, management, and outcomes would be improved.Plenty of new diseases are daily developing and many infectious diseases are rapidly spreading due to the wrongful acts/behaviors, and insufficient awareness among people concerning such health issues. Therefore, working in public health would open the gate for many job opportunities, and through them, the chances for improving the health and well-being of the societies would become possible. Having a career in public health will enable me to meet such important objectives by controlling the management of the healthcare systems and applying policies in healthcare organizations for facilitating the overall well-being of people.

Marxian Development free essay sample

Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history: †¦ [that] the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form[s] the foundation upon which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved, and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case. † (Engels [1883], 467). Engels’ eulogy, delivered at Marx’s burial in 1883, is an assertion of Marx’s pre-eminent role as a theorist of development in general and of the fundamental importance of economic development for Marxism. This essay briefly outlines Marx’s own ideas on the process and the ways in which later Marxists have built on and adapted these ideas. Marx viewed human history as a giant spiral tracing the development of the productivity of labour (the forces of production) in relation to the changing social structure within which production took place (the social relations of production). We will write a custom essay sample on Marxian Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The forces of production tend to grow through history[ii], although at varying speeds depending on whether the social relations create a favourable or unfavourable climate for material progress. At key moments the forces of production find themselves held back by the form of society and this creates pressure for revolutionary transition from one social system to another, for instance from feudalism to capitalism, which was to play a pivotal role in the development of human history. Being a system driven by the pursuit of profit in competitive conditions, capitalism would impel a sharp acceleration in the development of the productive forces to such an extent that the universal elimination of want and of involuntary labour could become possible. But capitalism was also a uniquely unequal system, polarizing people into a minority of property owners and a majority of propertyless proletarians. Under capitalism the elimination of want was potential, only realizable after a transition to a fully socialist society. In that way Marx envisioned human society both advancing along the axis of scientific and material progress while at the same time following a circular movement from primitive communism, through various forms of class society and ultimately to a new communism and equality which would be combined with an advanced state of development of the forces of production[iii]. Marx regarded capitalism as a system which is abhorrent because it rests on exploitation and generates inequality but historically progressive because it brings about an unprecedented development of the productive forces and creates its own â€Å"gravediggers†, the propertyless working class. From his early writings until the publication of the first volume of Capital in 1867, Marx had three great expectations. The first (repetition) was that the rapid capitalist industrialization which he observed in Britain would soon be repeated in other parts of the world. The country that is more developed industrially† he wrote, â€Å"only shows, to the less developed, the image of its own future. † (Marx [1867]).. The second expectation (universalization) was that the spread of capitalist growth would lead not to independent capitalist countries but to a single, unified interdependent system. In the Communist Manifesto Marx and Engels expounded a famous vision of the way ca pitalism would pervade the globe: The bourgeoisie has, through its exploitation of the world market, given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country. †¦ All old-established national industries †¦ are dislodged by new industries †¦ that no longer work up indigenous raw material, but raw material drawn from the remotest zones; industries whose products are consumed, not only at home, but in every quarter of the globe. †¦ In place of the old local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency, we have intercourse in every direction, universal inter-dependence of nations. (Marx and Engels [1848]) The third expectation (utopia) was that a revolutionary proletariat would â€Å"expropriate the expropriators† and install a society of freedom, both freedom from want and freedom for humans to realize their capacities. In this utopia[iv] the existing division of labour would end, multi-faceted work would â€Å"become not only a means of life but life’s prime want† and â€Å"society [could] inscribe on its banners: from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs! † (Marx 1985[1875]) II Second thoughts? Marx’s favourite motto was ‘de omnibus dubitandum’ and his later writings often hint at some second thoughts about all three of his development expectations. This was not only because events were moving slower than he had foreseen; his theoretical work, too, began to suggest possible contradictions with his earlier predictions. The urgent and universalist tone which suffused earlier writings gave way to more complex treatments of the forces leading to monopoly and capitalist concentration and to economic crisis which might slow or halt capitalist growth before it had created the productive basis for communism. The main pressure to rethink his expectations came from problems in applying Marxist ideas to contemporary politics. Among those were his attitudes to British imperialism in India, the question of national liberation in general and prospects of a transition to socialism in Russia. Marx had initially believed that: â€Å"England †¦ in causing a social revolution in Hindoostan, was actuated only by the vilest interests, and was stupid in her manner of enforcing them. But that is not the question. The question is, can mankind fulfil its destiny without a fundamental revolution in the social state of Asia? If not, whatever may have been the crimes of England she was the unconscious tool of history in bringing about that revolution†. (Marx [1853a]) He confidently predicted that â€Å"[t]he millocracy [industrial capitalists] have discovered that the transformation of India into a reproductive country has become of vital importance to them and that, to that end †¦ [t]hey intend now drawing a net of railroads over India. And they will do it. † (Marx [1853b]) In later years Marx came to give more weight to the crimes and less to the hope of economic transformation, becoming more supportive of the anti-colonial struggle. By 1881, two years before this death, both the tone and the content had shifted: â€Å"What the British take †¦ from them (the Indians) without any equivalent †¦ amounts to more than the total sum of the income of the 60 million of agricultural and industrial labourers of India. This is a bleeding process with a vengeance†. (Marx, 1968[1881]) There was a parallel evolution in Marx and Engels’ attitude towards other nationalist movements which they had once opposed. They supported Irish self-rule because the failure to settle the Irish question was threatening working class unity in Britain, the country where they had high hopes for the development of socialism: â€Å"the national emancipation of Ireland is no question of abstract justice or humanitarian sentiment but the first condition of [English workers’] own social emancipation† (Marx, 1975[1870]). And their support for Polish national liberation was premised on the belief that it would weaken Tsarist Russia, the regime they regarded as the main bastion of reaction in Europe. Nationalism, then, was supported in order to neutralize a cause of fissure in the proletarian movement or to weaken a particular section of the international ruling class, but not because of any general belief in the necessity of national capitalist development strategies. Marx was an fierce critic of the writings of Friedrich List (1856), advocate of a nationalist and protectionist development strategy for Germany and the United States (see Cowen and Shenton 1996, 154–69), and never abandoned the idea that the development should be universal. In 1881 the Russian revolutionary Vera Zasulik sought Marx’s guidance on the debate between Russian Marxists advocating capitalist development and the Narodniks who believed that capitalism could not develop Russia and who therefore argued for a transition to socialism based on existing peasant communes. The question clearly perplexed Marx and his reaction was not to reassert his earlier opinions; after serious study of the question he penned no less than five drafts of his reply to Zasulik without reaching a definitive position (Shanin, 1983). Some have seen these intimations of diminished expectations as fitting into a coherent whole with alongside earlier apparently more optimistic ideas (for instance, Melotti, 1977) ; others have seen Marx edging towards radically different positions (in different ways, Booth, 1985; Lim, 1992; and Shanin, 1983). Marx was certainly prepared to re-examine the three original expectations in the light of historical events and to espouse more flexible political tactics. While his thinking evidently evolved there is no convincing evidence that he fundamentally changed the idea of the ambiguous progressiveness of capitalism, the opposition to national paths to development or the nature of the socialist objective of development[v]. Nonetheless, in examining the situation in Russia, Marx had been obliged to face the possibility that capitalism might not accomplish the development of the whole world. The implication of that possibility was that perhaps something other than capitalism would have to shoulder the task of developing the productive forces – a question later followers would have to confront. III Marx’s followers – development and imperialism 15 years after Marx’s death Lenin still argued against the Narodniks that capitalism in Russia, although brutal and truncated, was historically progressive, implying that the revolutionary impulse would come from the working class (Lenin, 1977[1899]). Trotsky’s theory of combined and uneven development was a complementary way of seeing Russian peculiarities in the context of Marx’s expectations. History, he argued, did not proceed as an exact series of simultaneous transformations or even repetitions in backward ountries (Trotsky, 1969[1906] and 1977[1930]. The latter could advance unevenly in leaps; separate steps in the journey of development in the more advanced countries might be combined together in more backward ones resulting in â€Å"an amalgam of archaic with more contemporary forms† (Trotsky, 1977, 27). Trotsky used this idea to explain both why technologically backward Russia, coul d be politically advanced and also why the revolution was necessarily international. An economically backward revolutionary nation could take advantage of the forces of production in the more advanced nations[vi]. The central question confronted by Marxists in the generation which followed Marx was imperialism (for a survey, see Brewer, 1990). By the first years of the twentieth century nationalist and protectionist forms of development, exactly the kind of repetition which List had supported and Marx opposed, had produced a small group of leading countries contending for world hegemony, and ruling over rival empires. This was what Lenin called Imperialism, the highest stage of capitalism (Lenin [1916]), the title of a book promoting the idea that World War I was an inter-capitalist struggle in which the working classes should oppose their own bourgeoisies, turning the inter-imperialist war into a series of revolutionary civil wars. Imperialism reached the conclusion that in an overall sense this â€Å"monopoly stage† of capitalism could no longer be considered progressive – not because economic development in all countries would cease but because competition and war between the leading imperialist powers would destroy more than capitalism could create. Permanent inter-capitalist fratricide fatally wounded Marx’s vision of universalization under capitalist relations. This analysis would be a major part of the theoretical background to the political strategy which led to the 1917 Bolshevik revolution; in ditching the universalization expectation Lenin transformed the nature of the utopian one. Lenin’s book and that of his fellow Bolshevik Nicolai Bukharin [1915] were influenced by the Social Democrat Rudolf Hilferding whose remarkable Finance Capital was published in 1910 (Hilferding, 1981[1910]). Building on Marx’s later writings, Hilferding furnished a detailed analysis of the new monopoly stage of capitalism. Finance capital was the bloc formed in all leading countries between industrial, commercial and banking capital – a â€Å"holy trinity†, to which the state became the slavish servant. Hilferding argued that the epoch of finance capital meant that Marx’s repetition expectation had only been realized in a limited number of countries and that to some extent it had been replaced by new obstacles to the development of weaker countries. He sounded a whole series of pre-echoes of views which later became commonplace: â€Å"As long as the export of capital served primarily for the construction of a transport system and the development of consumer goods industries in a backward country, it contributed to the economic development, in a capitalist form, of that country. Even so, †¦ [t]he bulk of the profit flowed abroad †¦ [which] slows down enormously the pace of accumulation, and hence the further development of capitalism, in the debtor country. In large economic territories †¦ a national assimilation of foreign capital soon occurred. In the small economic territories, however, this assimilation was more difficult to achieve, because an indigenous capitalist class emerged much more slowly and with greater difficulty. Such emancipation became quite impossible when the character of capital exports changed, and the capitalist class in the large economic territories became less concerned with establishing consumer goods industries in foreign countries than with acquiring control over raw materials for their ever growing producers’ goods industries. [The] capitalist development [of the weaker European countries], and along with it their political and financial development, was stunted at the outset. As economic tributaries of foreign capital, they also became second-class states, dependent on the protection of the great powers. † (Hilferding, 1981[1910], p. 329–30) Rosa Luxemburg, another theorist of imperialism of this epoch also saw the export of capital as prejudicial to peripheral countries (such as Egypt and South Africa), especially to their poorer classes who were usually required to repay the debts incurred and wasted by their rulers (Luxemburg, 1951[1913]). But her theory of imperialism was only remotely connected with those of Hilferding, Bukharin and Lenin. Arguing that capitalism suffered from a permanent shortage of demand (underconsumptionism), Luxemburg concluded that it was forced to avert collapse by absorbing non-capitalist areas and activities. Imperialism had nothing to do with monopoly or with nations; it was a systemic imperialism of capitalism as a mode of production, rapaciously seeking its surplus value from other modes of production. But this process – really a version of Marx’s primary or primitive accumulation – could not continue indefinitely since once the non-capitalist world was completely absorbed then the system would collapse. While she did not share Lenin’s view that capitalism had changed from a progressive to a retrogressive system, Luxemburg did for different reasons share his opinion that human society was approaching a precipice in which all the historical development of the productive forces would be threatened and the choice was between â€Å"socialism or barbarism†. In this they both differed from many conservative socialists who continued to believe that capitalism, left largely to itself, would develop the productive forces and the working class until socialism became both feasible and inevitable. Somewhere between the two currents, stood Karl Kautsky, who argued, to Lenin’s fury, that the epoch of conflict of the great powers would give way to a period of cooperation between them (Kautsky, 1970[1914]). This â€Å"ultraimperialism† would in many ways be worse than imperialism especially for the less developed areas of the world which would be collectively exploited by the ultraimperialist alliance. From a different viewpoint to that of Hilferding, Kautsky, too, pre-echoes the way many Marxists and left radical were to look at the world half a century later. Suddenly, at the height of these debates about imperialism, and in conditions where Marx’s expectations about the development of capitalism had not been fulfilled, Marxists found themselves with the responsibility of managing an economy in desperate need of development. IV A non-capitalist road? The new Bolshevik rulers of Russia took power still believing that the ransition to socialism required a high prior development of the forces of production and must be conducted at a global level. Once the hope of other European revolutions was betrayed the new communist state had to search for a means of survival and if possible progress. A short period of â€Å"war communism† characterized by almost total state control and the breakdown of regular exchange, gave way in 1921 to the less ambitious and stabilizing New Ec onomic Policy (NEP) under which a large measure of market autonomy was restored. Between the introduction of the NEP and Stalin’s seizure of complete power in 1928, there was a brief window in which questions of development strategy were seriously debated among Marxists. The leading protagonists were Bukharin, who increasingly leaned towards the position that the development of a capitalist agriculture was a necessary precondition for eventual industrialization and who therefore saw the more market-friendly NEP as a long term necessity, and Preobrazhensky, more sympathetic to the left opposition, who argued for a more rapid pace of industrialization, financed by squeezing a surplus out of agriculture. In a debate which has not lost its relevance[vii], both of them were searching for a way to achieve what Marx had expected of capitalism – the creation of the material conditions for socialism; they differed about whether this would occur by imitating capitalist development or by following a novel non-capitalist route. (A debate between Marxists about similar issues took place during the early years of the Cuban revolution. [viii]) Also during the 1920s G. A. Fel’dman designed two sector models, based on Volume II of Marx’s Capital, as a method of planning a socialist economy. Ellman, 1987a). His ideas were partially incorporated into Soviet planning methods and later aroused interest outside the USSR, being influential on the early Indian planners, especially P. C. Mahalanobis, and other Marxist writers on development (Ehrlich, 1978; Chakravarty, 1987; Sen, 1987). Fel’dman was politically purged, and Bukharin and Preobrazhensky were killed when Stalin imp osed â€Å"Socialism in one country†, the definitive abandonment of a universalist perspective on development. Soviet industrialization survived the trauma of forced agricultural collectivization, the world economic crisis of the 1930s and three years of Nazi invasion. A Soviet economic model established itself consisting of highly centralized planning, virtual autarchy, high rates of investment, concentration on producer goods and heavy industry in order to build a strong industrial productive base and maximize output and consumption in the long run (Bardham, 1986). The country emerged from World War II with an enhanced industrial and technological capacity. Soviet planning acquired a positive reputation just at a time when colonialism was collapsing and the development of poor countries was on the international agenda[ix]. Both India and China in different ways adopted aspects of the Soviet model, although it failed to transplant successfully. Nonetheless, the apparent existence of a road to industrialization which was not capitalist, was to have considerable impact on the evolution of Marxist ideas about development under capitalism. V Marxism and the Third World – polarization or convergence? In the decades following World War II, against the chorus of optimistic modernizing developmentalism emanating from official sources in the West, a growing number of Marxists began to argue that capitalism was no longer capable of producing economic development in the poorer parts of the world. Instead it would create growing polarization between the developed and underdeveloped countries. Foretastes of this idea of imperialism for a world after decolonization had been present in Marxist writings, including even those of Marx himself, for nearly a century. Lenin insisted that, though still progressive, capitalism in Russia was nonetheless incomplete. Hilferding came close to producing a theory of polarization. In the documents of the Third International this idea also appears at the end of the 1920s (Palma, 1978)[x] and even earlier it had a strong presence among Chinese Communists. But after the 1950s it was more emphatically asserted by influential Marxist and radical thinkers. It became enormously influential among mass movements and radical intellectuals throughout the world before strong attacks were directed gainst it by other Marxists. Its legacy is still very much alive in widespread anti-globalization sentiment. Elements of theories of inevitable polarization were already circulating among Latin American intellectuals when Paul Baran in the 1950s presented an explicitly Marxist version of it, concluding that â€Å"the capitalist system, once a mighty engine of economic development, has turned into a no less formidable hurdle to economic advancement† (Baran, 1973[1957], p. 402; also see Baran, 1952). The cause of the onset of monopoly capital, a new stage of the system characterized a general tendency in the major centres of capitalism to underconsumption and crisis, held at bay only by state spending, militarism and the exploitation of ethnic minorities and economically backward countries[xi]. Other theorists of polarization, by contrast, saw it as a process which had lasted through the four centuries of existence of a worldwide market, through which a privileged group of countries in the centre could transfer resources from the dominated countries of the periphery through plunder, unequal trade and later investment and indebtedness. Particularly influential were the writings of Andre Gunder Frank which began as an attack on modernization theories exemplified by W. W. Rostow and on the anti-revolutionary perspectives of Latin American Communist Parties. Frank transformed the meaning of the word â€Å"underdevelopment† from a pre-developmental state into a consequence of world wide capitalist development. His purpose was to anatomize what he called, in a memorable phrase, â€Å"the development of underdevelopment† during centuries of capitalist history (Frank 1969 and 1991). His name became associated with dependency theory whose influence penetrated several disciplines – economics, sociology and international relations in particular (see Kay 1989 and Larrain, 1989). An overlapping set of ideas was the world-system theory of Immanuel Wallerstein, influenced by the long-term historical outlook of Fernand Braudel (Wallerstein 1979 and 1983). Samir Amin derived polarization from an analysis of world-scale capital accumulation (Amin, 1974). Proponents of these theories differed considerably over the extent to which development was held back by involvement in the capitalist economy. To some it meant simply impoverishment, to others a more complex and variable form of dependent development (see Evans, 1979 and Cardoso and Faletto, 1979). Most of them believed that development of the poorer countries would not be possible without some clear limit to involvement in the unequalizing capitalist world market, an idea encapsulated in the title of Samir Amir’s book, Delinking (Amin, 1990). Many advocated protectionism, citing Friedrich List and Alexander Hamilton as positive historic precedents. Others, including Baran, saw the way out as repeating Soviet-style industrialization policies. Not all the advocates of dependency and world-systems theory saw themselves as Marxists in the way Baran had done[xii]; but most were strongly influenced by Marxism and have often been labelled â€Å"neo-Marxists† (by Hirschman, 1981 and Brewer, 1990, among others). Like Marx, they have analysed the world in a long historical perspective, put capitalism in the centre of their analysis, found some of the causes of the process of underevelopment in Marx’s own analysis (for instance, the plunder of the wealth of poorer regions which was one element of Marx’s primary accumulation of capital), assigned some role to classes (especially the weakness of the dependent bourgeoisie), and expounded a theory of polarization between nations and continents which was arguably a transfigured version of Marx’s idea that capitalism simultaneously created wealth and poverty. But much polarization theory stressed the divergence between countries rather than classes. While Marx saw capitalism as being progressive in spite of its barbarities, most polarization theorists have not. Lenin for one reason and later Baran for others saw the epoch of capitalism which they wrote about as having ceased to be progressive. But many dependency and world systems theorists regarded capitalism as never having been progressive. Dependency theorists have been criticised by other Marxists for regarding capitalism as an unchanging system throughout its history. Such critics contended that dependency theory failed to recognize that it is not the market and exchange which are the essence of capitalism but productive capital producing surplus value by exploiting free labour. This leads to the erroneous location of the beginning of capitalism’s great polarization of the world in the 16th century with the emergence of worldwide markets. Hence they ascribe the process of underdevelopment more to plunder and unequal exchange rather than to more essential features of the capitalism mode of production, and also as a result exaggerate the role of nation and underestimate the role of class in the generation of and the fight against world inequalities[xiii]. Most polarization theories, Marxist or not, assumed that the world was very different from the one which Marx had foreseen. Some critics have argued taken issue with this assumption. Post-imperialist† historians have argued that Marx’s universalization expectation, the fusion of capitalist countries into a single global system, is already a reality (Sklar, 1976; Becker et al, 1987); their focus is on the emergence of a single global capitalist class. In a more recent, widely discussed global hypothesis, Hardt and Negri assert that it is a world non-ruling class, the â€Å"multitude†, which is the most coherent offspring of globalization and the decl ine of states’ authorities. Their decidedly global concept of development is implicit from their main political demands – for the totally free movement of human beings across borders and for a global guaranteed basic wage and access to welfare provisions (Hardt and Negri, 2000). The â€Å"return to Marx† proposal which has been the most influential, in part because it was a frontal attack on the polarization theorists, made with the same ringing defiance as they had attacked modernization and the Latin American Communist Parties, was that of Bill Warren, in his book provocatively titled Imperialism, Pioneer of Capitalism (Warren, 1980; also see Warren, 1973). He argued that prospects for capitalist development were in fact good, that much of it had taken place since World War II, that colonialism had indeed broken obstacles to progressive social change as Marx had originally predicted, that the obstacles to capitalist development are not those involving relations with developed countries but those to be found â€Å"in the internal contradictions of the Third World itself†, that the policies of the developed countries in general foster rather than stifle industrialization in the underdeveloped ones, and that â€Å"the ties of ‘dependence’ (or subordination) binding the Third World and the imperialist orld have been and are being markedly loosened with the rise of indigenous capitalisms†[xiv]. In other words, he was arguing that Marx’s first thoughts remained valid and Marxist thinking about development from Lenin onwards was a saga of errors. Unlike some other critiques, Warren’s attack on dependenc y was in considerable part an empirical one. He stressed that the economic and social performance of the Third World was not nearly as bad as polarization theorists made out. Although a number of seemingly impartial commentaries have accepted these conclusions (for example Booth, 1985 and Brewer, 1990), it is worth mentioning that from 1950 there was a clear divergence between developed and underdeveloped countries in aggregate until as recently as the 1990s. The average GDP per head of Africa, Latin America and Asia (excluding Japan) taken together fell as a percentage of the North (USA, Canada, EU and Japan) in every year between 1950 and 1990. If China is excluded, it continues to fall up to the present (as calculated from Maddison, 2003). Nonetheless, if the empirical evidence which Warren relied upon in the 1970s seemed less than convincing, by the final years of the 20th century the rapid development of a number of Asian countries seemed to give solider support to his position, although others pointed out that none of the Asian success stories were based on free market capitalism but that all of them had depended on vigorous state intervention and protectionism. Nonetheless three decades of breakneck development in China and other parts of Asia is enough to refute the idea of continuous polarization between developed and underdeveloped countries as a global generalization; equally the continued economic decline of Africa and parts of Latin America refutes the opposite hypothesis (Leys and Saul, 1999). The last two decades have been years of extremely sharp divergence not so much between developed and underdeveloped countries but between different groups of underdeveloped countries. While the GDP per head of China (measured at purchasing power parity) has risen by 667 per cent during the years 1980 to 2004, that of Latin America by 12 per cent and that of Africa has fallen by 6 per cent (World Bank, 2005). Such a difference, over such a time, surely indicates a more complex global reality that either polarization or convergence theories assume. The dichotomy, which has ended in what has been variously described as an impasse (Booth, 1985) or mutual check-mate (Munck, 1999) needs to be transcended. Not only are there, in what was called the Third World, contradictory development tendencies; but also the extremes are extraordinarily far apart. At one extreme is Southern Africa where not only is poverty growing, but also a high proportion of the population is infected with a fatal disease which is changing the nature of society and which has reduced life expectancy by decades. At the other is China, the location of the most important surge of capitalist industrialization which has happened in history, presided over ironically by those who, without apparent embarrassment, style themselves as Marxists. The overall size of China’s GDP rose from 13 per cent of that of the USA in 1978, to 62 per cent in 2004 and at this rate will overtake it in a very few years (World Bank, 2005). This momentous shift in the centre of gravity of world capitalist accumulation creates echoes of the earlier Marxist propositions and debates about development. The advance of China suggests that the centre of capitalist accumulation has geographically shifted from the long developed countries. Will China (along with other Asian countries) reach the economic level of and challenge the hegemony of the USA? Will it become an imperialist power? Will its thirst for raw materials force it to develop parts of Africa? Or will new forms of polarization occur? And what will be the role in this story of the Chinese working class? These are the questions which Marx asked about 19th century capitalist. Marxists much try to give new answers to them today. VI Utopia, production and redistribution Since the 1980s the influence of Marxism in development has declined. The neo-liberal revival and the collapse of actually existing socialism have shifted the global political balance in favour of capitalism’s friends. But also, the long debate on imperialism had not prepared Marxism well to make major creative contributions to a number of neglected questions which have come to the fore. Major debates were, therefore, spearheaded by people of other heterodox opinions and currents, often directing their fire not only against conventional development thinking but against Marxism as well[xv]. First, feminists challenged Marxists by insisting that women’s emancipation is a task which cannot be reduced to class and development in general. It is a central part of the struggle for and the realization of socialist utopia (for a survey of arguments see Parport et al, 2000). Second, majority opinion in environmental science is that probably the universalization of development in its most widely used meaning is physically not attainable. A number of writers, however, have begun to search for Marxist answers to this and other environmental quandaries (see Lowy, 2002; Martinez Alier, 1991; O’Connor, 1998) but it remains a minority pursuit. A third issue, which partly embraces the previous two, is the nature of the objective of development. Polarization and convergence theories shared an implicit conception that development meant roughly what had been attained in developed countries. Convergence theorists forecast that most countries would reach the destination; polarizationists complained that they will not. Neither side incorporated a thorough critique of the economic and social nature of the destination itself. Booth criticised both for their â€Å"system teleology†; but perhaps the problem is more a shared failure to question the nature of the telos. The discussion of â€Å"human development†, launched by the UNDP in 1990, based on A. K. Sen’s notion of â€Å"development as freedom†, was one influential but limited attempt to do this. More fundamentalist heterodox critics have scorned all conventional (including Marxist) images of the destination of development as dystopias. From post-development or even anti-development perspectives they have rejected development as an aim and have tried to outline a more modest model which often stresses small scale communities, the maintenance of traditional cultures, a balance with nature and so on. So feminists, environmentalists, post-modernists and other radical critics of ocial and economic orthodoxy have, sometimes with validity, criticized Marxist conceptions of development as no less male-, euro-centric or unsustainable than orthodoxy itself. They have forced some self-critical rethinking about the limitations of Marxist approaches to development. Yet in a sense what all these currents of thought do is to re-pose a problem central to Marx’s original thinking about development – the definition of utopia. There are serious dangers involved in concluding from the valid parts of these criticisms that the whole concept of development, in its orthodox or Marxist version, should be thrown out like old bathwater. The baby which must be saved is Marx’s fundamental insight, picked out by Engels’ in his eulogy, that utopia must rest on an appropriate global material, economic and productive foundation. There are some elements of the often reviled, economistic modernization project which, purged of their unequal, unsustainable and imperialist form, must form a part of the journey to social emancipation. Nonetheless, human productivity is now so advanced that the forces of production are more than enough to produce all reasonable human needs if the composition and distribution of their product was different. Yet since distribution is so unequal, these forces are in fact used on a huge scale to produce unreasonable and destructive â€Å"needs† (what some have referred to as â€Å"over-development†). If the question of development is posed, in the way Marx posed it, as how to translate capitalist productivity into socialist utopia, then the main focus of development on a world scale must now be not so much on growth but increasingly on distribution.

Problem Identification And Agenda Setting Example

Problem Identification And Agenda Setting Example Problem Identification And Agenda Setting – Coursework Example The First Stages in Agenda Formulation Affiliations The First Stages in Agenda Formulation Problem identification entails the expression of dissatisfaction with the prevailing status quo. For example, in the education system people can express their dissatisfaction with the inadequate facilities in the United States schools that support the marginalized. Schools are mandated to provide all the students with quality education regardless of their physical and psychological disabilities (DeMatthews, 2014). Students who are physically disabled and who are not native English speakers face difficulties coping with the other students in the class. Federal policy guidelines are silent regarding the issue of disproportionate representation of the special needs children in the schools. The problem results in emotionally affected students who end up living miserable lives for lack of proper education. In agenda setting, the definition of underlying alternatives is essential to the policy proce ss and in shaping the desired outcome. Before the issue is fully adopted and formulated, the alternative approaches are outlined so that the best option can be implemented (LAITS). To determine what issue advances into the agenda policy, the options that can address the plight of the disabled in schools are analyzed. For example, should the federal government provide separate facilities, increase the resources in current facilities, or provide extensional support to the affected children. Many problems exist in the contemporary US, but few of them make it to the public policy agenda. In the United States, a problem has to be identified as a salient issue to move onto the policy agenda. In most instances, the power of the people can move problems in the society further to be adopted as policy agendas. In addition to the influence and the power of the people, there are issues that move immediately to the policy agenda following significant events that act as the triggers (Boundless, 2014). Parents of the affected children with the support of the rights groups also contribute significantly to identifying the said problems. Boundless (2014). â€Å"Issue Identification and Agenda Building.† Boundless Political Science. Boundless. Retrieved from https://www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/domestic-policy-15/the-policy-making-process-95/issue-identification-and-agenda-building-513-7629/DeMatthews, David, Edwards, D. Brent, and Nelson, Timothy (2014). "Identiï ¬ cation Problems: US Special Education Eligibility for English Language Learners." Elsevier Ltd. International Journal of Educational Research 68: 27-34. Elsevier Ltd. LAITS. The Public Policy Process. Retrieved from laits.utexas.edu/gov310/PEP/policy/

Journalism and Mass media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journalism and Mass media - Essay Example Therefore, from the point of view of the Associate Professor, Carmen uses methodological reductionism that the sites assist only those who require them urgently while in others it is not the case. Alternatively, Piskorski found that the online dating industry has worth of $2billion made of more than 14, 000 businesses that use various methods and techniques of matching up potential partners. For instance, OKCupid, an online dating site with a membership of about 3 million permits its users to surf each other’s profiles (Nobel, 2012). Furthermore, there are algorithms and comprehensive quizzes that allow partners to have compatible matches. Similarly, in a study of about 500,000 members of OKCupid, Piskorski discovered that older, shorter and at times overweight people viewed more profiles compared to their younger counterparts. On that account, there are several methods, data and evidence used to support the claims made in the article. For instance, Carmen uses secondary methods of data collection such as reading books, similar journals and internet sites to prove the validity of the article. Similarly, there is the interview on the Associate Professor of Harvard Business School on his studies and findings concerning various online dating sites (Nobel, 2012). Therefore, the available data to prove the claims made by Carmen include several online sites such as Match.com, eHarmony, OKCupid and Facebook among others that aim at matching up potential partners. ... For instance, Carmen uses secondary methods of data collection such as reading books, similar journals and internet sites to prove the validity of the article. Similarly, there is the interview on the Associate Professor of Harvard Business School on his studies and findings concerning various online dating sites (Nobel, 2012). Therefore, the available data to prove the claims made by Carmen include several online sites such as Match.com, eHarmony, OKCupid and Facebook among others that aim at matching up potential partners. On the other hand, the available evidence is the study of 500, 000 members of OKCupid who view the profiles of each other without any problem. Therefore, these claims hold because the members interviewed participate actively and report their results. There is also the presentation made by Piskorski on his findings in a HBS seminar concerning the various online dating sites (Nobel, 2012). On the same context, there is also the presence of the online dating sites t hat participated in the survey to determine the benefits of online dating. However, there are also biases and other missing information in the article by Carmen Nobel. For example, there is no alternative research on offline dating for comparison purposes with online dating. In other words, there is ecological fallacy in terms of the available statistics to support the benefits of online dating for its members (Nobel, 2012). Additionally, the research by the Professor does not conduct a follow up if the potential partners meet and the superseding consequences. This constitutes to individual fallacy whereby the other groups are not part of the research. Furthermore, Piskorski fails to mention the names of his variables during the findings hence

Production and Market behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Production and Market behaviour - Essay Example se classical scholars continue to influence contemporary scholars as they attempt to discern the major factors influencing productions and market patterns to enhance efficiency and best economic systems. Our study of production and market behavior will therefore be based principally on neoclassical and institutionalism models that have existed since the last century and will explore the new-institutionalism impact on the theme as well as the recent trends in fair trade and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Neoclassical theories supported by Keynesian economics are the dominant approaches prevalent in mainstream economic theories from the mid twentieth century (Clark, 1998). The theory however can be traced to 19th century after the Industrial Revolution as capitalism ignited intellectual ideas among all disciplines. One prominent neoclassical analyst was William Stanley Jevons and his marginal utility theory of value in 1862. Neoclassical theories are mainly based on individual or microeconomics by exploiting utility as explained in the rational choice theory (Ehrenberg, 1997). Neoclassical economist Marshall’s treatise Principles of Economics (1890) described price disparities in terms of the intersection of supply and demand curves. He also introduced diverse ‘market periods’ as follows: Short period – business faculty is specified, the level of yield, service, assets, and value oscillate to link marginal cost and marginal revenue, where returns are maximized. Economic rents only survive for short duration for unchanging aspects, and the velocity of earnings is not contrasted across segments. The neoclassical model has also engendered the First Theorem of Welfare Economics that emphasis that indirect marginal utility for all the market players is similar. This also depicted in a Pareto-efficient condition that states any enhancement in the utility of one user might jeopardize another’s value. The organizations operating in such a scenario do

Ikea Swot Analysis Essay Example for Free

Ikea Swot Analysis Essay Strengths: * IKEA offers a unique value proposition to its customers. It offers a wide range of well designed, functional products at low prices. The design begins with low costs from the outset, striking an ideal balance between function, quality, design, and price. * IKEA introduced the flat package which can be assembled by customers * IKEA has maintained long-term relationships with its suppliers, ensuring the company has access to high-quality materials at reasonable prices. Because of this, IKEA has some of the largest margins in the industry. * IKEA’s vision is to create a better everyday life for many people, putting the concerns for the environment and people at the heart of the business. Weaknesses: * The need for low cost products could lead to a possible compromise between quality and price. * IKEA is a global company, so product standards may be difficult to maintain. * Furniture needs assembly and not everyone has the tools, knowledge or strength to put the furniture together. The instructions for furniture assembly are just pictures. There are no words to accompany the instructions. Opportunities: * IKEA can further capitalize on the â€Å"green† movement and IKEA’s customer’s desires to have less of an impact on the environment. * IKEA is already reducing their carbon footprint by packing in less material. Threats: * Competition for IKEA comes from traditional furniture stores as well as stores like Target, Wal-Mart, Sears, and other similar stores that also sell household products and small furniture. * Some stores have already mirrored the flat package, low cost packed furniture model. * Slow down in first time home buyers, which is a core market segment for IKEA, as well as the recession will limit the amount of customers that walk into an IKEA store. Questions: 1.) IKEA is already opening stores in many locations all across the globe. IKEA offers low-cost products, mostly furniture that is packaged in low, flat boxes, which the purchaser would take with them to assemble at home. IKEA will also deliver their products and the package design saves on shipping charges as well as shelf space at the store. Customers enjoy the experience of shopping at IKEA. The restaurant allows IKEA customers to make a day of the shopping trip. The average customer drives 50 miles round trip to IKEA. The furniture comes in low, flat packaging that is relatively easy to take with you. When it comes to assembly however, the instruction usually only have pictures. This saves the company money, since IKEA is global and would need to print instructions in multiple languages. 2.) IKEA has a one-way design to it store. Customers walk through the different displays and can experience the entire store. At the end of the trip is the warehouse, which has the furniture packaged in the low, flat boxes. Customers can grab a cart and choose the items that they need or liked as they walked through the store. The displays are set up so you can see how the matching furniture looks together. You can sit in the chairs, open and close the drawers, and test out the furniture before you buy. IKEA does offer delivery for a low fee. The salesperson told me that I would have to buy one of everything in the store before the shipping price would increase; I believe the shipping price was $60 for everything in my order. One can also purchase the service of having someone come to your home to put the furniture together. However, customers looking to go in and grab something quickly will find the design and layout of the store cumbersome. Customers may also see something on display that they really enjoy, however, when they get to the warehouse, they might find the shelf empty. IKEA is able to find the sold out items at other locations, however customers need to travel to the other store to make the purchase (at least this was my experience). When the sold out item is not available, the customer might want to go back to the display and find a different set of match-able items, making the shopping experience even longer and more cumbersome.

The Dangers of Shirking Responsibility in Arthur Millers All My Sons

The Dangers of Shirking Responsibility  in Arthur Miller's All My Sons  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Arthur Miller's All My Sons is a well-made play in every sense of that term. It not only is carefully and logically constructed, but   addresses its themes fully and effectively. The play communicates different ideas on war, materialism, family, and honesty. However, the main focus, especially at the play's climax, is the issue of personal responsibility. In particular, Miller demonstrates the dangers of shirking responsibility and, then, ascribing blame to others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nearly every character in All My Sons, in one way or another, fails to take responsibility. The Keller family, as a whole, is severely dysfunctional in that they keep secrets and tell lies at every turn. Chris, the most reliable character, understands that his family has "made a terrible mistake with Mother . . . . Being dishonest with her" (Miller 620). He realizes that there are consequences to such behavior. Indeed, as a result, Kate is on the verge of being delusional. She clings to the unrealistic hope that her son, Larry, will return from the war and marry his childhood sweetheart, Ann. For these hopes to prove false would, in her eyes, show for certain that there is no God. She says, "'There's God, so certain things can never happen'" (627).   Ã‚  Ã‚   Yet Kate is not just a victim of this irresponsible behavior. She contributes to it. She, too, makes excuses for her actions, making it seem as though she cannot be any more culpable for her conduct than she already is. She tells Chris that she and Joe "'are stupid people. We don't know anything'" and tells Chris that he has to protect them (633). However, it is Joe who is the most irresponsible character within ... ...amily wanted money, he did it, and that's "got to excuse it! . . . [For] Nothin' is bigger," and he adds that "'if there's something bigger than that I'll put a bullet in my head!'" (649). That is what he does. Suicide is the sad, harrowing conclusion for him and his family because he had not faced up to his wrongs earlier.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Chris was, for the most part, the voice of wisdom in this play whose words of honesty and its importance should have been heeded. He states, "'That kind of thing always pays off, and now it's paying off'" (620). In the end, he does take his own words to heart that "there's a universe of people outside and you're responsible to it" (653). He begins to blame on himself for his father's suicide, and Kate tells him, "'Don't dear. Don't take it on yourself'" (653). Works Cited Miller, Arthur. ?All My Sons.? New York: Penguin Group, 2000.

The Courtesans of Bollywood

The media – whether in print, television, or the cinema – has portrayed women in all sorts of images. These images reflect how a certain society perceive women and what roles do they portray in reality. Women in Indian cinema have been variously depicted with different images which represent the division within the Indian society. Just like in any parts of the world, the classification between men and women has been distinct throughout history. Even in modern time, such classifications which further divide both sexes still exist in media because of the stereotypes that have been established.The Indian film industry, famously called as Bollywood, has effectively created films which encompassed the different faces of women in their nation. There are films that attributed them with Hindu goddesses and as well as portraying them as traditional and modern women from all division of the caste. The films that are made depicting women reflected India’s thoughts and behav ior towards sexuality and social norms. The media – despite of its tendency for exaggeration and sensationalism – draws its inspiration from real life’s circumstances, no matter how fictitious the story becomes.No matter how the characters of women are formed, their roles in the film say a lot about the current social perception of Indian Women. Two notable films in Bollywood will be the central discussion of this essay. Pakeezah (1972) and Devdas (2002) became well-known for the romantic plots amidst the struggles within social taboos combined with cinematic intensity and songs aptly made for the film. From these films, the heroines that will be given concentration belong to that level of society which is usually judged derogatively.Sahibjaan of Pakeezah and Chandramukhi from Devdas share the same profession of courtesans, and played major roles in the films showing how Indian courtesans are being personified. The discussion for the two female protagonists will revolve around their being courtesans and they symbolized India’s perception and direction of their views regarding sexuality and how their norms and social evolvement are shaped by these views. Courtesans, as seen from the films, cater to the public eye, predominantly of male audience. Their profession has been criticized by society as immoral and these women are usually isolated from the realm of an ideal woman.By exploring the two films, it will be argued how the views of courtesans are still relevant in the modern Indian society. To be able to convey the contents of the arguments for the established thesis statement, a brief background or summary of each movie will be provided. This is for the intent of giving a foundation or an origin where the standpoints will be derived. Second, there will be an attempt to categorize Indian courtesans which is distinct from courtesans of other countries. This will be connected to how the character of a courtesan became an embodiment o f India’s assumption towards sexuality.From this, Sahibjaan and Chandramukhi from the films will be subjected to analysis, comparing the differences of their roles as courtesans on the films. The essay will be concluded by gathering all the insights that have been discussed and as well as its implications on Indian society. The plot of both films is set in the conservative India where traditional elements are highly emphasized. One of the two films has been derived from a 1917 novella called Devdas. This film has many versions in different languages and the one directed by Sanjay Bhansali in 2002, is the latest and the first full colored version of the film.Devdas can be said as a classic love triangle story with the lives of the main characters closely intertwined with each other. The male protagonist Devdas came back from London to reconcile with his long-time childhood beloved Paro. The two has been arranged for marriage however, when the Paro’s maternal ancestry as dancers is revealed, her humiliated mother decided to arrange a marriage for Paro to another man. From that aspect the tragedy of the heart-broken Devdas ensues, as his college friend introduced him to the world of alcohol and carnal desires.The brothel where his friend brought him became his emotional solace or more of an emotional escapism. As Devdas began to indulge in alcoholism, he met the most famous courtesan named Chandramukhi. Her beauty and exquisite charm which made Chandramukhi as a renowned courtesan became an irresistible pull for Devdas to become close to her. On the other hand, his vulnerabilities as a man shown by his weakened state by the alcohol and the discovery of his supposed love story became the reason why Chandramukhi fell in love with him.The story takes its turn with Devdas being devoured by his alcoholic addiction and Chandramukhi’s love for him brought her to Paro to convince him to stop his self-destruction and subsequently formed a friendship w ith her. Though he did not listen, Devdas promised to see her before his death. Eventually, he confessed his love for Chandramukhi however shortly after that; he expressed his goodbye to her because of his intent to move out of the country. On his journey and with the last drink of wine, he became extremely sick. Feeling himself on the verge of death, he went to fulfill his promise to Paro to see her.Paro ran to meet him but her husband prohibited her and as Devdas dies in front of their gates, his last image is Paro trying to reach for him and screaming his name. It is a clear tragic story for the three characters as all of them are not able to achieve the happiness they wanted out of love. The dynamism of the story is presented by the diverse social upbringing of the characters. Devdas is born from the upper landowning class, while Paro came from an ordinary family whose lineage is from dancers, and Chandramukhi being a courtesan is judged by the society as immoral.The three main characters attempted to go beyond their social status as the purpose of love became their main source of strength to defy the social norms. The second film which similarly tackled defying social classifications in the name of love is, Pakeezah. Released in 1972, this film took 14 years to be completed due to personal issues between the main cast and the director. An original work of Kamal Amrohi, Pakeezah is a classic Indian courtesan movie. This film is a story about a woman who dreams of escaping a world where she felt worthless and soulless.Sahibjaan shared the same fate that her mother did, a profession which eventually led to the rejection of her father’s family. After her mother’s death, her aunt Nawabjaan adopted her and brought Sahibjaan to her brothel where she practiced dancing and singing. She became famous as a courtesan when she grew up, however, her aunt felt the need to get Sahibjaan out of the brothel when her father came searching for her. On the train ride out of the city Sahibjaan found a note that has been slipped between her toes where a stranger wrote about the beauty of her feet and not to soil it.This note became her hope to find rescue from the environment she desperately wants to escape. It also became her only evidence that this particular stranger is the only one who can love her truly and the note is her first real communication with someone who has a pure intention towards her. She was able to meet the stranger who is a forest ranger named Salim, and because of her fear that he might reject her, Sahibjaan kept her true identity. Salim brought her to his family however as men recognized Sahibjaan as the courtesan, Salim’s family disapproved.Despite of Sahibjaan’s confession about her work, Salim’s feelings did not change and both of them ran away together. He eventually decided to marry her, renaming Sahibjaan as Pakeezah meaning ‘the pure one. ’ However, her shame and fear as being a courtesan dominated her, and not wanting to ruin Salim’s reputation Sahibjaan fled from him and called off the marriage. Her decision has left Salim hurting and as a way of retaliation and coping with the pain, Salim decided to marry another woman and invited Sahibjaan for his wedding. In this part of the film, she danced on broken glasses practically symbolizing the pain that both of them share.A revelation has been made when Salim’s uncle, Shahabuddin, learns that Sahibjaan is his long-lost daughter and it resulted to a happy-ending for Sahibjaan, knowing that her father will save her from the world she wanted to get away from, and as well as a possibility for her love for Salim to be reconsidered. Just like the film Devdas, Pakeezah tells about a romantic story of a courtesan with a heart. Someone like Sahibjaan does not desire to be a courtesan forever and wanted to become a real woman by meeting her future husband and be a wife.There is also the familiar pattern of the characters disregarding their social status to be able to experience a relationship with one another. It leaves the impression of Indian movies such as these that the division of the caste system in reality is strictly followed. Pakeezah and Devdas are two classic Bollywood films which portrays the kind of women often degraded by the society. These films presented the courtesans with such humanity which goes beyond their profession of enticing and engaging their audience towards them.Courtesans can be said to have prominently existed way before the times of the monarchy. Indian courtesans are said to be â€Å"sexually liberated and educated women who dance in the temples and at public ceremonies and the only women who are allowed to learn to read, sing, and dance† (Feldman & Gordon, 2006, p. 161). Just like other courtesans in general, they are meant to entertain and offer their company to men. Their difference from prostitutes is that sexual intercourse is just one of their services. They engage in discussions, in festivals, and in the arts. Simone de Beauvoir further differentiates the two:Prostitutes need two kinds of men, client and protector. In her environment man is superior to woman, and this setting apart favors a kind of love-religion which explains the abnegation of certain prostitutes. For the courtesans, beauty and charm or sex appeal are necessary but not enough, she must be recognize as a person. Her pride, her independence, and her money mean that she will never be ‘taken’ – no man will be her absoluter master. † (cited in Kazmi, 1994, p. 237) From the two films, as courtesans their bodies became the attraction to be able to play the part.The dances and mujras by Sahibjaan and Chandramukhi are utilized to emphasize their body part and allure to entice men. As in Indian cinema, women are placed in the cast for the purpose of having something ‘pleasurable in the eyes’ on the screen. â€Å"In t heir traditional exhibitionist role, women are simultaneously looked at and displayed with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact so that they can be said to connote to-be-looked-at-ness† (Kazmi , 1994, p. 234). Since their roles are courtesans, they are always under the scrutiny of their male clients.Their publicized sexuality makes them a property of the society. However, from the films, it can be seen that the courtesans fell in love with the male protagonists both coming from noble families. This love makes them as the hero’s property, thus, losing their â€Å"generalized sexuality and showgirl connotations† and their erotic charms are for the male protagonists alone (Kazmi, 1994, p. 234). That sense of property has not been made official since Sahibjaan and Chandramukhi are not seen married under traditional ceremonies.This gives the impression that India may not view courtesans as an ideal wife, no matter how the circumstances of falling in love may occur. In Devdas, Chandramukhi is seen as a feisty woman who holds her dignity as a courtesan. Despite of the numerous males gawking at her performance and by the harsh judgments which society throws at her, she never did want to become someone else or want anything other than Devdas. She has a strong image of a courtesan portrayed in the film. Chandramukhi can be classified as the classic courtesan who has lived by her destiny to please the public, though she is condemned by it.By the time that she became too attached with Devdas, her duty of pleasing many people has been devoted to please Devdas so he could ease his sufferings. Chandramukhi’s sacrifice of letting Devdas go symbolized her gratitude for him the moment he confessed that he loves her as well. Because that love is rarely given to a courtesan like her and the fact Devdas see her as a normal woman worthy of it, she devoted her life taking care of him and letting go of him in the end even if it entails her happiness (Nair, 2002, p. 86). On the other hand, Sahibjaan is portrayed as a courtesan struggling for an escape from the world she grew up with.Unlike Chandramukhi, Sahibjaan is a courtesan who wished to change her life and get out of her profession. However, the history of her mother’s life haunts her, encapsulating her in fear that she might never achieve the normal life that she wanted. A courtesan who pleases out of duty, the film focused on making her worthy of marriage. The scene where Salim renamed her as Pakeezah provided her the status that she is still worthy of being a wife despite of being a courtesan. She can be said as someone who subsequently gives in to the cruel prejudices of society.By refusing Salim’s offer of marriage, Sahibjaan continues to be a possession of the public, denying herself the happiness that she wanted to be rescued by the one man she loves. Nonetheless, both women have exuded strength when it comes to making choices. Though the y have been portrayed as weak for love and for rescue, they have made decisions which in their knowledge can deprive them of the happiness that they want. In society, since courtesans are made to please the world, sacrificing their own personal interests is a part of their duty.Thus, their role as a public commodity strips them off the right to be part of the private sphere, which includes the family. The courtesans of Indian cinema maybe considered as the origin of independent women in Indian society. A courtesan is said to have â€Å"the courage to confront society, established morality, and the powers that be† (Kazmi, 1994, p. 231). That the courtesans in these films are the early embodiments of empowering women’s sexuality when it comes to breaking social norms, since in the conservative Indian nation courtesans or good women alike, are considered marginalized.Courtesans can be viewed as the mortal goddesses of the Indian society who can personify evil and goodness in how sexuality is perceived. References Feldman, M. , & Gordon, B. (2006). The Courtesan’s Art. New York: Oxford University Press. Kazmi, F. (1994). Muslim Socials and the Female Protagonist: Seeing a Dominant Discourse at Work. In Forging Identities: Gender, Communities, and the State, (pp. 226-243). Zoya, H. (Ed. ). New Delhi: Kali for Women. Nair, P. K. (2002). â€Å"The Devdas Syndrome in Indian Cinema. † Cinemaya 56/57, Autumn/Winter : 827.